INTRODUCTION
Skin aging process is the result of a loss of cellular function, which can be further accelerated by external factors.
As urban lifestyles become more popular, people across the globe leading extremely hectic and stressful lifestyles (irregular sleeping patterns, unhealthy eating habits) have had an adverse impact on the cutaneous skin ecosystem. Moreover, UV exposure and alarming levels of pollution are making the skin dull and lackluster. In this sense, all these factors concur to accelerate the premature aging process, a natural condition in which physiological performances progressively get worse, bringing the skin to be more stressed and less efficient.
Mitochondria have a key role in skin functions and mitochondrial damage has been found to accumulate with age in skin cells. They have many fundamental functions such as energy production and providing metabolites for building macromolecules.
Although classically appreciated for their role as the powerhouse of the cell, the metabolic functions of mitochondria reach far beyond bioenergetics. Mitochondria catabolize nutrients for energy, generate biosynthetic precursors for macromolecules, and compartmentalize metabolites for the maintenance of redox homeostasis (1). Mitochondrial biogenesis is activated by numerous different signals in conditions of cellular stress or in response to environmental stimuli, such as aerobic exercise. There is increasing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are key features in all ageing tissues, including skin. This is directly linked to skin ageing phenotypes: wrinkle formation, hair greying and loss, uneven pigmentation and decreased wound healing ability. The loss of barrier function during skin aging increases susceptibility to infection and affects wound healing (2).
Cosmetic market is always seeking for compounds able to positively modulate the natural decay.
In fact, the global anti-fatigue cosmetics market size was valued at USD 13.9 million in 2018 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.5% from 2019 to 2025 (3).
Consumers are increasingly aware of the link between lifestyle and skin health. In turn, brands are appealing to consumers by emphasizing an ability to care for skin that has been negatively impacted by lifestyle-related stressors (4).
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